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中国的房地产现状(1)

 我想讨论一下中国的房地产,不想就那些官方数据来讨论,因为中国的官方数据一向缺乏透明性,而政府又严厉打击第三方调查机构,更别提这两年几乎所有的外资审计机构都被扫除中国。今天我们就谈谈实际上的从我身边的人,从那些真实的经历来看,中国的房地产,或者说中国正在经历着什么。

首先要澄清一个可能大多数外国人(生活在中国以外的人)都不了解的几个基本现实。首先,中国的所有土地都是国有的,是所有的土地,中国不存在私人拥有的土地。一个建筑商人想要盖房子,那么就必须从政府手里购买土地,一个个人想要盖房子,也必须要像当地政府申请。而个人想要在城市里盖房子那是完全不可能的,一般个人的房屋都是在乡村或者经济非常不发达的地区,而且大部分时候实际上是从上世纪80年带以后农民承包的农田中划归个人的住宅用地。在这个土地市场中,只有一个供应方,那就是政府。不仅如此,由于中共改革开放以来,1978年以后,中国官员都是流动的,也就是地方官员不能长期在一个地方任职,每隔一段时间(3-5年)就必须换地方,要么平级调动,要么升迁,要么降职,都需要换地方,用共产党的话说,这叫防止拉帮结派,避免官员在一个地方时间太长,形成地方势力。而每一位中央大员也都会在上任前在不同的地方任职,称之为积累人脉。而一位官员在离任或者调任之际,升迁与否的评价很大一部分就在于在其任职期间,有没有什么政绩。这个政绩的考核又是有高层官员来控制的,这个政绩也会一层层的向上累计。县里的政绩报到市里,市里再把各个县的政绩汇起来算作自己的政绩往上报。往往人均收入,什么就业率,儿童入学率这些都可以造假,招商引资,基础建设,这些就算要造也的有点实物。况且,官员谁也不知道自己能待多久,那么那些政绩自然是越大越多越好,反正过两年就走了,之后的烂摊子也不关自己的事。那么,在80年代政府开始松绑私营企业,房地产也就轰轰烈烈的登场了。

关键是,地方官任内,所有的土地都是国有的,也就是都是这地方官一把手的,这土地卖给谁,卖多少钱,都是他说了算。搞基础建设,搞房地产建设,不仅可以捞到几十辈子都花不完的钱,还会有更多的政绩,更大的晋升的可能。您猜猜,面对这样的诱惑,谁能把持得住呢?

欧洲国家,美国,以及大部分民主国家的土地,大部分都是私有的,在土地买卖,房屋建设中,政府只是相当于中间人的作用,对每笔交易收税,这个跟官员的利益没有任何相关性。而在中国,在这个一切向上负责的体制中,它不仅代表着巨大的利益,也代表着巨大的权力和升迁的通道。

抛开这些蝇营狗苟,以中国2020年官方公布的数据来说,土地成本占房价的43.8%。也就是说,中国人购房费用中,直接交给政府的钱,土地费用43.8 %, 3.7 契税等, 11%增值税 ,也就是政府一套房屋售出之后政府账面上能拿到的钱就是58.5%. 同时不要忘了,这还是摆在账面上政府收的钱。

同时,不要忘记,中国政府是不出售土地的,它只租,房价的43.8%只能够租用土地50-70年,之后怎么办,现在政府也没有讲。

当我们把这些东西都搞清楚之后,再来看看今天中国的房地产市场,那就容易明白多了。

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